NASA astronaut and SpaceX Crew-12 Pilot Jack Hathaway enters the International Space Station after docking aboard the Dragon spacecraft to join Expedition 74 and begin a long-duration microgravity research mission.

NASA/Chris Williams

NASA astronaut Jack Hathaway smiles up at the camera as he enters the International Space Station Feb. 14, 2026, after docking to the orbiting laboratory aboard a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft.

Since Hathaway and fellow Crew-12 members Jessica Meir of NASA, Sophie Adenot of ESA (European Space Agency), and Andrey Fedyaev of Roscosmos began their mission on the space station, they have conducted science investigations including scanning their veins to monitor the risk of blood clots and testing balance and orientation in space using virtual reality goggles. The crew will continue to run various experiments and technology demonstrations to benefit life on Earth and in orbit, furthering our journey back to the Moon, to Mars, and beyond.

Keep up with space station activities by visiting the blog.

Image credit: NASA/Chris Williams

Listen to This Month’s ‘Planetary Parade’ With NASA’s Chandra

2026-02-25 17:26

6 Min Read

Listen to This Month’s ‘Planetary Parade’ With NASA’s Chandra

Three new Chandra sonifications of data of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus have been released. Planets and other Solar System bodies can reflect X-rays given off by the Sun, which Chandra can detect. Sonification is a process that translates data captured by Chandra and other telescopes into sound. In addition to X-rays from Chandra, these new sonifications contain data from Hubble, Cassini, and Keck telescopes. In this image, the amount of diffuse X-rays from a donut-shaped ring of energetic particles around Jupiter, seen on the left and right side of the planet, has been enhanced compared to the amount of X-rays from the planet's auroras, seen at the poles. As the scan moves left to right, it encounters X-rays that bracket the planet on either side, and this plays as woodwind sounds. As we pass over the planet itself, seen in an infrared image from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, the sounds become fuller as the infrared data is represented by other instruments. Since Jupiter is tilted slightly, the pitch descends as the scan passes over the bright band near the equator and through the Great Red Spot. On the other side, more X-ray data from Chandra flanks the planet and can be heard as gusty wind sounds at the end.

In late February, people in the Northern Hemisphere can look up for a special sight : Six planets will all be visible from clear and dark night skies. New sonifications from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory released [day of week] will help commemorate this latest “planetary parade.”

Because the planets in our solar system travel around the Sun in the same plane (known as the ecliptic), they will sometimes appear bunched together in the sky when their orbits find them on the same side of the Sun at the same time. When this happens, it looks like the planets have roughly formed a line from our vantage point on Earth.

In Chandra’s sonifications, which translate astronomical data into sound, three of the planets that will be on display – Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus – can be seen and heard in ways that they cannot from Earth.

While Chandra is best known for its X-ray insight into black holes and other extreme objects, the telescope has also played an important role in the exploration of our solar system. The Sun gives off X-rays that travel out into the solar system and can be reflected by planets, moons, and other bodies. This gives astronomers a unique window into certain physics that cannot be discovered through other kinds of telescopes.

The sonification of Jupiter combines X-ray data from Chandra with an infrared image from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. Woodwind sounds reveal Chandra’s X-ray data, including emission from the planet’s auroras. More instruments join in to represent the planet’s complex cloud layers. Next, through the combination of an optical image from NASA’s Cassini mission and X-rays from Chandra, listeners can experience Saturn like never before. A siren-like sound follows the arc of the rings, and different tones of synthesizers play as the scan passes the planet itself. Finally, listeners can hear the ice giant Uranus through the data collected by Chandra and the W.M. Keck Observatory. The data in this sonification reflects the amount of light detected from the planet and the orientation of its ring.

The process of creating a sonification preserves the integrity of the data, which arrives on Earth as a series of ones and zeroes (binary code), and shifts it into a form that can be processed through hearing. Sonifications expand options for people to explore what telescopes discover in space, an example of NASA’s ongoing commitment to share its data as widely as possible.

Jupiter

In this image, the amount of diffuse X-rays from a donut-shaped ring of energetic particles around Jupiter, seen on the left and right side of the planet, has been enhanced compared to the amount of X-rays from the planet's auroras, seen at the poles. As the scan moves left to right, it encounters X-rays that bracket the planet on either side, and this plays as woodwind sounds. As we pass over the planet itself, seen in an infrared image from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, the sounds become fuller as the infrared data is represented by other instruments. Since Jupiter is tilted slightly, the pitch descends as the scan passes over the bright band near the equator and through the Great Red Spot. On the other side, more X-ray data from Chandra flanks the planet and can be heard as gusty wind sounds at the end.

NASA/CXC/SAO/K.Arcand, SYSTEM Sounds (M. Russo, A. Santaguida)

Saturn

The scan of Saturn begins on the right and moves to the left. As it encounters Saturn’s famous rings, seen in an optical image from the Cassini mission, listeners hear a siren effect whose frequency follows the arc of the rings. Once the scan reaches the planet itself, the sounds change, to lower tones with a dark synthetic bass sound. This distinguishes the rings from the planet. Chandra’s X-rays are heard as higher synthetic tones that mark where high-energy activity is found across the planet, rings, and poles.

NASA/CXC/SAO/K.Arcand, SYSTEM Sounds (M. Russo, A. Santaguida)

Uranus

Returning to the left to right scan, the sounds begin with a cello that traces the arcing ring – not as famous as Saturn’s but still prominent – around the ice giant Uranus. The notes change to represent the amount of reflected light and its location on Uranus as seen in an optical light image from the W.M. Keck Observatory. The X-rays detected by Chandra, which come from X-rays from the Sun that are reflected, are heard as higher frequencies as the scan passes over the pinkish region of the planet. The apparent asymmetry in the X-rays may not be a real effect because of the faint signal and the smoothing that was applied to the image.

NASA/CXC/SAO/K.Arcand, SYSTEM Sounds (M. Russo, A. Santaguida)

NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, manages the Chandra program. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s Chandra X-ray Center controls science operations from Cambridge, Massachusetts, and flight operations from Burlington, Massachusetts.

For more on the Chandra sonification program, visit:

https://chandra.si.edu/sound

To learn more about Chandra, visit:

https://science.nasa.gov/chandra

Learn more about the Chandra X-ray Observatory and its mission here:

https://www.nasa.gov/chandra

https://chandra.si.edu

Visual Description

This release features three sonifications, each focusing on a different planet in our solar system. The sonifications are presented as soundtracks to short videos. Each video features a composite image and an activation line. As the activation line sweeps across the image, it encounters visual elements. These elements are translated into sound, or sonified, according to parameters established by Chandra’s sonification team.

The first sonification focuses on the planet Jupiter. At the center of the associated composite image is the gas giant itself; a seemingly perfect sphere with an atmosphere of latitudinal bands. The bands are different shades of grey, brown, and black, each with its own texture and width. Flanking Jupiter are neon pink and white clouds, representing X-rays from energetic particles in a ring around the planet. In the video, the activation line moves from our left to right. It first encounters a pink cloud, triggering whooshing woodwinds. When the activation line encounters Jupiter, dramatic low notes are triggered. Listen for the dip as the line passes over the Great Red Spot in Jupiter’s southern hemisphere. The activation line continues toward our right, passing more pink X-ray clouds. The largest cloud, the last one encountered, has a bright white core, which translates to loud gusty woodwinds.

The second sonification focuses on the ringed planet, Saturn. In the composite image, the large gas giant fills the frame, its spherical outer layer a pale sandy grey. In this image, the wide bands of rings surrounding the planet are in shades of pale grey and sandy yellow. Here, Saturn is tilted away from us, making the round rings appear oval in shape. Dotting the planet are small pockets of neon blue. These represent reflected X-ray light observed by Chandra. In this video, the activation line moves from our right to left. When the line passes over the rings, a whooshing sounds spreads, conveying the widening middle of the oval shapes. Pockets of neon blue X-ray light trigger synthesizer sounds, with the pitch mapped to each pocket’s vertical position in the image. When the line sweeps across Saturn’s large round body, a low rumbling synth tone is triggered. The volume is linked to brightness, such that the low tone fades when the line reaches the shady side of the planet, on our left.

The third sonification features the planet Uranus. In the composite image, the icy giant is a greenish-blue cyan color, with a blush of neon pink X-rays hovering over its core. Uranus has a collection of very narrow rings, much finer than the wide disk-like rings surrounding Saturn. In this image, the fine rings are near vertical and slightly tilted, creating an oval shape with rounded points at our lower left and upper right. In this sonification, the activation line moves from our left to right. Brightness is mapped to volume and height is mapped to pitch, such that brighter objects at the top of the image sound louder and higher. Here, the curved oval shape of the rings is conveyed as a swooping cello note, with the pitch sliding up as the activation line passes the oval tilted toward our upper right.

News Media Contact

Megan Watzke
Chandra X-ray Center
Cambridge, Mass.
617-496-7998
mwatzke@cfa.harvard.edu

Joel Wallace
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama
256-544-0034
joel.w.wallace@nasa.gov

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Feb 25, 2026

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NASA Study to Analyze Fermented Food Samples from Space

2026-02-25 15:58

JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) astronaut and Expedition 73 Flight Engineer Kimiya Yui shows off production bags containing bioengineered yeasts and probiotic cultures for the BioNutrients-3 investigation. Yui conducted passaging and straw tests to demonstrate how astronauts could grow and safely consume fresh vitamins and nutrients on demand helping researchers plan future missions farther from Earth.

Astronaut and Expedition 73 Flight Engineer Kimiya Yui of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) displays production bags containing probiotic yogurt cultures for the BioNutrients-3 investigation on Oct. 2, 2025, aboard the International Space Station.

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Certain nutrients critical for human health lack the shelf life needed to span multi-year missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. NASA’s BioNutrients-3 is part of an experiment series testing ways to use microorganisms to produce these nutrients in space and on demand.

The on-demand nature of this experiment is similar to making nutrient-dense fermented foods on Earth, such as how milk is transformed by good bacteria into yogurt. But in this case, there is a focus on producing specific types and quantities of nutrients essential for future space explorers.

Samples from BioNutrients-3, along with other valuable experiments, are set to return from the International Space Station aboard a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft supporting the company’s 33rd commercial resupply mission for NASA. The spacecraft is set to depart the space station on Thursday, Feb. 26 for its return to Earth. Watch NASA’s live coverage of the undocking and departure starting at 11:45 a.m. EST on NASA+, Amazon Prime, and the agency’s YouTube channel.

Once the samples return to Earth, the science team at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley will perform analysis procedures. Results from this study can help NASA develop methods to produce vital nutrients that could support human deep space exploration as part of NASA’s Artemis campaign.

NASA’s BioNutrients-3 is part of the Synthetic Biology project, which is funded by the Game Changing Development program within NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate.

A person typing on a keyboard and looking at a monitor that shows data and an view of a lab area aboard the International Space Station.

Oscar Roque, engineer for NASA’s BioNutrients-3 project, works at a console on Oct. 2, 2025, at the Multi-Mission Operations Center at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley. The facility allowed the BioNutrients team to remotely observe experiments conducted by crew members aboard the International Space Station and communicate with astronauts in real-time.

NASA/Donald Richey

NASA’s Webb Examines Cranium Nebula

2026-02-25 15:00

3 Min Read

NASA’s Webb Examines Cranium Nebula

Side-by-side images of the same nebula show how differently it appears in near-infrared, on the left, versus mid-infrared light, on the right. Left image is labeled NIRCam and the right is labeled MIRI.

In near-infrared, the nebula’s outer bubble has a white edge and its inner clouds are orange, with a distinct dark lane cutting vertically through the center. Stars and background galaxies appear around the nebula and through the outer bubble.

In mid-infrared, the outer bubble has a bluish tint and there is more material in the inner clouds, which are colored off-white. The vertical dark lane is still present but more interrupted and covered by the clouds. Material appears to be erupting out the top of the nebula, and this effect is mirrored to a lesser degree at the bottom, opposite end.

The differences in what Webb’s infrared instruments reveal and conceal within the PMR 1 “Exposed Cranium” nebula is apparent in this side-by-side view. More stars and background galaxies shine through NIRCam’s view, while cosmic dust glows more prominently in MIRI’s mid-infrared.

Credits:
Image: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI; Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)

Two heads are better than one in the latest images from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, which reveal new detail in a mysterious, little-studied nebula surrounding a dying star.

Nebula PMR 1 is a cloud of gas and dust that bears an uncanny resemblance to a brain in a transparent skull, inspiring its nickname, the “Exposed Cranium” nebula. Webb captured its unusual features in both near- and mid-infrared light. The nebula was first revealed in infrared light by a predecessor to Webb, NASA’s now-retired Spitzer Space Telescope, more than a decade ago. Webb’s advanced instruments show detail that enhances the nebula’s brain-like appearance.

Image: Exposed Cranium Nebula (NIRCam and MIRI Images)

The differences in what Webb’s infrared instruments reveal and conceal within the PMR 1 “Exposed Cranium” nebula is apparent in this side-by-side view. More stars and background galaxies shine through NIRCam’s view, while cosmic dust glows more prominently in MIRI’s mid-infrared.

Image: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI; Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)

The nebula appears to have distinct regions that capture different phases of its evolution — an outer shell of gas that was blown off first and consists mostly of hydrogen, and an inner cloud with more structure that contains a mix of different gases. Both Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) and MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) show a distinctive dark lane running vertically through the middle of the nebula that defines its brain-like look of left and right hemispheres. Webb’s resolution shows that this lane could be related to an outburst or outflow from the central star, which typically occurs as twin jets burst out in opposite directions. Evidence for this is particularly notable at the top of the nebula in Webb’s MIRI image, where it looks like the inner gas is being ejected outward.

While there is still much to be understood about this nebula, it’s clear that it is being created by a star near the end of its fuel-burning “life.” In their end stages, stars expel their outer layers. It’s a dynamic and fairly fast process, in cosmic terms. Webb has captured a moment in this star’s decline. What ultimately happens will depend on the mass of the star, which is yet to be determined. If it’s massive enough, it will explode in a supernova. A less massive Sun-like star will continue to shed layers until only its core remains as a dense white dwarf, which will cool off over eons.

The James Webb Space Telescope is the world’s premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and CSA (Canadian Space Agency).

To learn more about Webb, visit:

https://science.nasa.gov/webb

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The following sections contain links to download this article’s images and videos in all available resolutions followed by related information links, media contacts, and if available, research paper and Spanish translation links.

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Exposed Cranium Nebula (NIRCam and MIRI Images)

The differences in what Webb’s infrared instruments reveal and conceal within the PMR 1 “Exposed Cranium” nebula is apparent in this side-by-side view. More stars and background galaxies shine through NIRCam’s view, while cosmic dust glows more prominently in MIRI’s mid-infrared

Two side-by-side images from the James Webb Space Telescope, with the left labeled NIRCam and the right labeled MIRI. Overall image title at top left reads James Webb Space Telescope, Exposed Cranium Nebula, PMR 1. At bottom right are compass arrows indicating the orientation of the image on the sky. The north arrow points in the 2 ou2019clock direction. The east arrow points toward 10 ou2019clock.nThe scale bar reads 0.5 light-years/20 arcsec and spans about one-seventh of each image. Below each image is a color key showing which filters were used to create the image and which visible-light color is assigned to each filter. NIRCam filters are F150W in blue, F187N in green, F444W in orange and F470N in red. MIRI filters are F1000W in blue, F1130W in green, F1280W in orange, and F1800W in red.

Exposed Cranium Nebula (NIRCam and MIRI Compass Image)

These images of the “Exposed Cranium” nebula PMR 1, captured by the James Webb Space Telescope’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) and MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) include compass arrows, scale bar, and color key for reference.

Observations of the Exposed Cranium Nebula

This video compares infrared views of the PMR 1 “Exposed Cranium” nebula taken by NASA’s retired Spitzer Space Telescope, as well as NASA’s James Webb Space Telecope’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) and MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument). Spitzer’s …

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Christine Pulliam
Space Telescope Science Institute
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Landslide and Avalanche Debris Litter Hubbard Glacier

2026-02-25 05:00

November 26, 2025

December 8, 2025

False-color radar images show more rough terrain (green) in the St. Elias Mountains near Hubbard Glacier after an earthquake on December 6, 2025, indicating landslides and avalanches.

NASA Earth Observatory / Lauren Dauphin

False-color radar images show more rough terrain (green) in the St. Elias Mountains near Hubbard Glacier after an earthquake on December 6, 2025, indicating landslides and avalanches.

NASA Earth Observatory / Lauren Dauphin

False-color radar images show more rough terrain (green) in the St. Elias Mountains near Hubbard Glacier after an earthquake on December 6, 2025, indicating landslides and avalanches.

NASA Earth Observatory / Lauren Dauphin

False-color radar images show more rough terrain (green) in the St. Elias Mountains near Hubbard Glacier after an earthquake on December 6, 2025, indicating landslides and avalanches.

NASA Earth Observatory / Lauren Dauphin

November 26, 2025

December 8, 2025

On December 6, 2025, a powerful magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck the remote St. Elias Mountains, a highly glaciated range that spans the Yukon-Alaska border. The quake shook the landscape beneath Hubbard Glacier, sending ice and rock careening down the range’s steep slopes. The NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellite offered some of the earliest views of the changed landscape.

Geophysicist Eric Fielding and colleagues at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) typically use satellite data to map the displacement of the ground after major earthquakes strike land. But in this region, such maps—known as interferograms—are not possible because the ground lies buried beneath a layer of glacial ice that’s at least 700 meters (2,000 feet) thick. “The cryosphere is covering up the geosphere,” Fielding said.

Instead, clues to the earthquake’s destructive power lay strewn atop the ice surface. The shaking on December 6 unleashed landslides and avalanches that swept debris onto lower, flatter stretches of the glacier. The debris is visible in radar imagery acquired by NISAR on December 8, two days after the quake (right). For comparison, the NISAR image on the left shows the same area on November 26, a week and a half before the quake.

Where the slides have deposited rock, snow, and other debris, surfaces have become rougher, which scatters more energy back toward the sensor and makes those areas appear bright in the December 8 image (the roughest areas are shown in dark green). Areas with smooth surfaces reflect little of the radar’s energy directly back to the satellite sensor, so these parts of the images appear dark (shown in purple). Note that there are some exceptionally rough, green surfaces beyond the new slide areas that remain relatively unchanged between the two images.

November 26, 2025

December 8, 2025

False-color radar images show a detailed view of the area around Mount King George and McArthur Peak, where most of the landslides and avalanches were visible following an earthquake on December 6, 2025.

NASA Earth Observatory / Lauren Dauphin

False-color radar images show a detailed view of the area around Mount King George and McArthur Peak, where most of the landslides and avalanches were visible following an earthquake on December 6, 2025.

NASA Earth Observatory / Lauren Dauphin

False-color radar images show a detailed view of the area around Mount King George and McArthur Peak, where most of the landslides and avalanches were visible following an earthquake on December 6, 2025.

NASA Earth Observatory / Lauren Dauphin

False-color radar images show a detailed view of the area around Mount King George and McArthur Peak, where most of the landslides and avalanches were visible following an earthquake on December 6, 2025.

NASA Earth Observatory / Lauren Dauphin

November 26, 2025

December 8, 2025

The largest slide in the scene appears to be cascading down the flank of Mount King George, but it’s far from the only one. Numerous others scar the surrounding terrain, including areas to the west along the slopes of Mount Logan, Canada’s tallest mountain.

Alex Gardner, a glaciologist at JPL and member of the NISAR science team, reviewed the images with Fielding. “The sheer number and magnitude of avalanches and landslides is astounding,” Gardner said. “I’ve personally never seen anything like this before.”

A separate preliminary analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey identified more than 700 potential landslides and snow avalanches, with an especially high concentration northwest of the epicenter along the fault rupture. Follow-up flights by the Yukon Geological Survey on December 12 provided a closer look, showing some slopes remained actively unstable, with dust still hanging in the air, and widespread damage to glacial ice.

Much of the debris that settled atop the region’s glacial ice is likely being transported toward the ocean by the glaciers’ ongoing seaward flow, which acts as a natural “conveyor belt.” For example, a tributary glacier of Hubbard north of Mount King George, which had previously moved at a sluggish pace, entered a surging phase in November before the earthquake. It is now moving downslope at what Gardner described as “breakneck speeds” of up to 6,000 meters per year (about 50 feet per day).

Although the region is uninhabited, the slides and damaged ice could pose new hazards for mountaineers and other expeditions, USGS noted in a December 18 update. The town of Yakutat, Alaska, about 90 kilometers (56 miles) south of the epicenter, is a common staging point for people exploring the area.

NISAR observations are expected to provide imagery to support future natural disaster response efforts.

Images by Gustavo Shiroma (JPL) of the NISAR Algorithm Development Team using data from the NISAR GSLC product, and prepared for NASA Earth Observatory by Lauren Dauphin. Story by Kathryn Hansen.

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References & Resources

Das, G., et al. (2025) Mapping Glacierized Regions With Quad-Pol Dual Frequency LS-ASAR: Insights for the NISAR Mission. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 18, 26338-26354.
Martinez, S. N., et al. (2021) Evaluation of Remote Mapping Techniques for Earthquake-Triggered Landslide Inventories in an Urban Subarctic Environment: A Case Study of the 2018 Anchorage, Alaska Earthquake. Frontiers in Earth Science, 9, 673137.
NASA (2025, July 30) NASA-ISRO Satellite Lifts Off to Track Earth’s Changing Surfaces. Accessed February 23, 2026.
U.S. Geological Survey (2025, December 10) 2025 M7.0 Hubbard Glacier Earthquake-Triggered Landslides and Snow Avalanches. Accessed February 23, 2026.
U.S. Geological Survey (2025, December 6) M 7.0 – 2025 Hubbard Glacier Earthquake. Accessed February 23, 2026.

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