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NASA - Breaking News
NASA-Funded Research Finds Complex Life Defying Record Heat
2026-09-22 17:33
6 min read
NASA-Funded Research Finds Complex Life Defying Record Heat
NASA-supported scientists have discovered an organism that lives at extreme temperatures previously thought impossible for complex life. High temperatures can cause the destruction of necessary cell components, which is a big problem for cells with complex parts like a nucleus encasing delicate genetic information.
In the heated waters of California’s Lassen Volcanic National Park, a team of scientists observed an amoeba that can reproduce by division at an astonishing 145 degrees Fahrenheit (63 degree Celsius), setting a record for the upper temperature limit for all known eukaryotes. Incendiamoeba cascadensis, also dubbed the fire amoeba, stops reproducing above 145 degrees Fahrenheit but is still active, moving around to search for food at up to 147 degrees Fahrenheit (64 Celsius). The previous limit of 140 degrees Fahrenheit (60 Celsius) for eukaryotes was set by a few species of fungi and red algae. The results were published on Tuesday in the journal Cell.
Astrobiologists have long studied the boundaries of life’s survival on Earth to determine how organisms might live on other worlds like Mars where conditions are less hospitable than our home planet. Organisms that endure at the edges of habitability under extreme temperature, pH levels, radiation, and other environmental conditions are known as extremophiles. Studying them helps scientists understand what life as we know it is capable of. Extremophiles also produce unique proteins that can have promising uses in biotechnology, from industrial applications to medicine.
Previous extremophile research has mostly focused on single-celled bacteria and archaea. The new study shows that the more complex cells of eukaryotes might be more durable than previously thought and could even help scientists understand locations in the universe where complex life could survive.
Complex life on Earth
Life on Earth is broadly divided into two categories, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are single-cell organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles inside their single cell. This means that they have less cellular ‘machinery’ that can be damaged by extremes, such as blistering heat, bitter cold, caustic acidity, or damaging radiation.
Organisms that live in extreme heat are known as thermophiles. To be a true ‘heat-loving’ thermophile, the organism must be able to replicate, move, eat, and survive above 113 degrees Fahrenheit (45 degrees Celsius).
Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, with archaea being particularly adept at surviving extremes. Because of their relative simplicity, scientists also believe that prokaryotes were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, billions of years ago when the environment of our planet was much more inhospitable than it is today.
Eukaryotes are more complicated organisms that are thought to have evolved later in the history of life on Earth. These organisms have a separate cell nucleus inside their cells that contains fragile genetic information. Eukaryotes also contain membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. These organelles are like mini cellular machines that perform specific functions. Eukaryotes include a wide span of life, from single-celled algae to multicellular organisms like plants and human beings.
Complexity in Extreme Heat
High temperatures lead to the breakdown of proteins and other biomolecules that living cells need to function. Heat also can cause membranes to break apart, thereby destroying cells. It has been suggested that organelle membranes in eukaryotes could not remain stable above 144 degrees Fahrenheit (62 degrees Celsius). The discovery of I. cascadensis proves that assumption wrong.
“In part, studies on eukaryotes may have been limited because of assumptions about membrane stability,” says Beryl Rappaport, graduate student at Syracuse University and lead author of the study. “We are hoping that the discovery of I. cascadensis encourages others to keep searching for high temperature eukaryotes.”
The team sequenced the I. cascadensis genome, studying the expression of genes at multiple temperatures. They found many genes that help the amoeba stabilize DNA and protect it from breaking down. Other genes allow the organisms to sense the external environment. At high temperatures, the expression of certain genes also increased, including those involved in maintaining protein folding.
“We were able to uncover many strategies that could help I. cascadensis survive at high temperatures, and some of these strategies could be used by thermophiles across all life,” says Rappaport. “For instance, some proteins in I. cascadensis have a high positive surface charge that could help them remain stable. These protein charges are similar to those found in thermophilic bacteria and archaea.”
The team also compared genetic information from other studies world-wide. In this trove of data, they found similar pieces of DNA from geothermal samples in places like New Zealand and Yellowstone National Park. This means that additional thermophilic amoebas related to I. cascadensis might be living all around the globe just waiting to be discovered.
Search for life beyond Earth
Earth is the only planet we know of that is inhabited with life. For life as we know it to survive on other planets in the solar system or beyond, organisms might have to cope with environmental conditions that are very different from those found here at home.
“Studying extremophiles helps us better understand the biochemical and physiological limitations of life as we know it on Earth,” says Alison Olcott, program scientist for Exobiology at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “This information, in turn, helps guide NASA’s search for life as it expands the range of conditions we think life could potentially be inhabiting elsewhere.”
In particular, the study increases our understanding of where and how life with complex cells might persist on Earth and beyond.
“Finding eukaryotes surviving in high temperature environments not only expands our understanding of where life could be found, but also of how complex that life could be,” says Olcott.
However, the researchers do point out that survival depends on many factors that are part of a larger ecosystem.
“It could certainly be possible for complex life like I. cascadensis to survive on another planet, but Earth is the only planet we currently know of to have all the requirements for I. cascadensis to be happy,” says Rappaport. “It’s not just about temperature. An environment also needs the right acidity, oxygen levels, pressure, water, and food. I. cascadensis could not survive on its own. It needs other life to be supported as well.”
For more information on astrobiology at NASA, visit:
https://science.nasa.gov/astrobiology
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NASA’s Chandra Finds Unusual Objects in Pinwheel Galaxy
2026-09-22 15:40
Using NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory, researchers found mysterious objects that give off unusually low-energy X-rays but intense levels of ultraviolet radiation. One of the galaxies they studied, M101, is pictured here in this image released on Sept. 9, 2026. Astronomers suggest these newly spotted objects in other galaxies may help solve not one, but two long-standing questions in astrophysics.
Read more about this discovery.
Image description: X-ray: NASA/CXC/Univ. of Alabama/M. Muhibullah et al.; Optical: NASA/ESA/STScI; Image Processing: NASA/CXC/SAO/N. Wolk
NASA Astronaut to Answer Questions from New Hampshire Students
2026-09-22 13:38
2 min read
Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)
Editor’s Note: This feature was updated Sept. 22, 2026, to note the time change for the in-flight call with students.
Students in New Hampshire will hear from NASA astronaut Anil Menon as he answers prerecorded STEM questions while aboard the International Space Station.
The Earth-to-space call will begin at 11:40 a.m. EDT Thursday, Sept. 24, and will stream live on the agency’s Learn With NASA YouTube channel.
This event is hosted by the McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center in Concord, New Hampshire, for students in grades K-12, and members of the community. This unique opportunity aims to deepen understanding of space exploration and enhance awareness of STEM careers.
Media interested in covering the event must RSVP no later than 5 p.m. EDT, Wednesday, Sept. 23, to Kelly Thompson at kthompson@starhop.com.
For more than 25 years, people have lived and worked continuously aboard the International Space Station, advancing scientific knowledge and making research breakthroughs not possible on Earth. The space station helps NASA understand and overcome the challenges of human spaceflight, expand commercial opportunities in low Earth orbit, and build on the foundation for long-duration missions to the Moon, as part of the Artemis program, and to Mars.
For more information on NASA in-flight calls, visit:
https://www.nasa.gov/stemonstation
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An Epic View of the Seasons
2026-09-22 04:01
Most kids learn in elementary school that the seasons are caused by Earth rotating on a tilted axis during its yearly orbit around the Sun. The substantial tilt, about 23.5 degrees, is thought to be the result of an ancient planetary body, Theia, smashing into Earth about 4.5 billion years ago, in the same cataclysmic collision that formed the Moon.
To visualize why Earth has seasons, imagine the planet as a spinning top tilted to one side. Around the June solstice, the Northern Hemisphere leans toward the Sun, bringing more direct sunlight and longer days. Around the December solstice, the Southern Hemisphere does the same. That’s why June ushers in summer and warm weather in the Northern Hemisphere, while December does so in the Southern Hemisphere.
The March and September equinoxes serve as the midpoints between these two seasonal extremes. On those days, the terminator—the boundary between the sunlit and dark sides of Earth—runs directly through both poles. As a result, the Northern and Southern Hemispheres receive almost the same amount of sunlight, and day and night are nearly equal in length.
What do the seasons look like from about one million miles away? That’s the view provided by NASA’s EPIC (Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera) aboard the NOAA mission DSCOVR (Deep Space Climate Observatory). By maintaining an orbit that puts the spacecraft between the Sun and Earth roughly 1.6 million kilometers (1 million miles) from Earth, the camera has a nearly continuous view of the sunlit hemisphere. As Earth spins during the course of a day, EPIC captures a full-disk image of the planet’s sunlit face every few hours.
The four images above, taken at roughly the same time of day, show how EPIC’s view of the Western Hemisphere changes over the year, from the December solstice (upper left) to the March equinox (upper right), June solstice (lower left), and September equinox (lower right). The most striking difference is between the two solstices. In December, South America lies near the center of the disk and much of Antarctica is visible, while North America is partially out of view. In June, Earth’s tilt means the situation is reversed: the Northern Hemisphere and North America are more centered, Arctic sea ice comes into view, South America is offset, and Antarctica is completely out of view.
There are other notable differences among the four images. Earth looks slightly smaller during the March and September equinoxes, for instance. That’s because DSCOVR was tens of thousands of miles farther away from Earth on those dates than on the solstices. On December 21, 2023, DSCOVR was 1,447,327 kilometers (899,327 miles) from Earth compared with 1,561,901 kilometers (970,520 miles) on September 22, 2024.
The slight difference in Earth’s apparent size has nothing to do with Earth’s tilt. Instead, it occurs because DSCOVR follows a looping, three-dimensional path called a Lissajous orbit to keep the spacecraft near Lagrange point 1, where the combined gravitational pull of the Sun and Earth and the centrifugal pull of the satellite balance out, making it easier for engineers to maintain the spacecraft’s position without using much fuel. DSCOVR’s distance from Earth swings between its maximum and minimum roughly every three months, and the timing drifts throughout the year because of lunar influences and orbital maneuvers. In 2024, the orbit happened to put the spacecraft slightly farther from Earth at both equinoxes, but that is not always the case.
There’s one other notable way the images differ. Because of DSCOVR’s Lissajous orbit, the angle between the Sun, Earth, and satellite varies between 2 and 12 degrees, explained Alexander Marshak, the deputy project scientist for the DSCOVR mission. Earth appears as a fully illuminated disk at smaller angles and less rounded at larger angles, like a “bite” has been taken out, similar to a gibbous phase of the Moon. For this set of images, the September 22 image has a slightly lower angle (8.1°) than the December 21 image (10.3°), making it appear slightly rounder and fuller. The angle between the Sun, Earth, and satellite in the other two images is between 9° and 10°.
“You can see the subtle influence of the changing orbital geometry in these images,” Marshak said. “But the most obvious changes—the apparent location of the continents—are due to Earth’s tilt.”
EPIC’s vantage point offers a perspective that makes it easier to understand and visualize why Earth has seasons, but after more than a decade in space, the mission has also opened up new approaches to understanding and observing how daily and seasonal cycles play out on a planetary scale. It has collected more than a decade of diurnal and seasonal data on many key features on Earth, including vegetation, clouds, ice, snow, UV radiation, ocean color, and aerosols.
NASA Earth Observatory image by Michala Garrison, using data from DSCOVR EPIC. Story by Adam Voiland.
References & Resources
- Kostinski, A., et al. (2024) Deep space observations of conditionally averaged global reflectance patterns. Frontiers of Remote Sensing, 5, 1404461.
- Kostinski, A., et al. (2021) Deep space observations of terrestrial glitter. Earth and Space Science, 8, e2020EA001521.
- Lyapustin, A., et al. (2026) Editorial: Earth observations from the deep space: 10 years of the DSCOVR mission. Frontiers in Remote Sensing, 7, 1810164.
- NASA (2026, June 19) Earth Polychromatic Image Camera. Accessed September 21, 2026.
- NASA Earth Observatory (2011, September 23) Seeing Equinoxes and Solstices from Space. Accessed September 21, 2026.
- NASA (2026) EPIC: Publications. Accessed September 21, 2026.
- NASA Scientific Visualization Studio (2012, December 27) Earth Orientation Animations. Accessed September 21, 2026.
- NASA Space Place (2026, July 31) What Causes the Seasons? Accessed September 21, 2026.
- Roberts, C., et al. (2015) Early Mission Maneuver Operations for the Deep Space Climate Observatory Sun-Earth L1 Libration Point Mission. Accessed September 21, 2026.
- Valero, F., et al. (2021) Lagrange Point Missions: The Key to next Generation Integrated Earth Observations. DSCOVR Innovation. Accessed September 21, 2026.
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Embracing the Equinox
2026-09-21 21:55
Embracing the Equinox
NASA/JPL-Caltech
Depending on your locale, equinoxes can be seen as harbingers of longer nights and gloomy weather, or promising beacons of nicer temperatures and more sunlight. Observing and predicting equinoxes is one of the earliest skills in humanity’s astronomical toolkit. Many ancient observatories around the world observed equinoxes along with the more pronounced solstices. These days, you don’t need your own observatory to know when an equinox occurs, since you’ll see it marked on your calendar twice a year! The word “equinox” originates from Latin, and translates to equal (equi-) night (-nox). But what exactly is an equinox?
An equinox occurs twice every year, in March and September. In 2026, the equinoxes will occur on March 20, at exactly 14:46 UTC (or 7:46 AM EDT), and again on September 23, at 00:05 UTC (or September 22, 2026, at 5:05 PM PDT). The equinox marks the exact moment when the center of the Sun crosses the plane of our planet’s equator. The day of an equinox, observers at the equator will see the Sun directly overhead at noon. After the March equinox, observers anywhere on Earth will see the Sun’s path in the sky continue its movement further north every day until the June solstice, after which it begins traveling south. The Sun crosses the equatorial plane again during the September equinox, and continues traveling south until the December solstice, when it heads back north once again. This movement is why some refer to the March equinox as the northward equinox and the September equinox as the southward equinox.
Our Sun shines equally on both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres during equinoxes, which is why they are the only times of the year when the Earth’s North and South Poles are simultaneously lit by sunlight. Notably, the length of day and night on the equinox isn’t precisely equal; the date for that split depends on your latitude, and may occur a few days earlier or later than the equinox itself. The complicating factors? Our Sun and atmosphere! The Sun itself is a sphere and not a point light source, so its edge is refracted by our atmosphere as it rises and sets, which adds several minutes of light to every day. The Sun doesn’t neatly wink on and off at sunrise and sunset like a light bulb, and so there isn’t a perfect split of day and night on the equinox – but it’s very close.
Equinoxes are associated with the changing seasons. In March, Northern Hemisphere observers welcome the longer, warmer days heralded by their vernal, or spring, equinox, but Southern Hemisphere observers note the shorter days – and longer, cooler nights – signaled by their autumnal, or fall, equinox. Come September, the reverse is true.
Originally posted by Dave Prosper: February 2022
Last Updated by Kat Troche: March 2026
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